Flagstone is a flat, randomly shaped stone commonly used for paving patios, walkways, driveways, or as garden step stones. Irregular shapes and sizes make for a rustic, natural appearance. Flagstones are generally available in two thicknesses: the thicker (1½” to 2”) is suitable for sand-set applications and the thinner (¾” to 1”) is usually set in mortar over a concrete pad.

Who hasn’t been spending more time in their garden? Whether it’s for a socially distant get together or to flex those green fingers. Even if the Covid-19 pandemic had never come on the scene, our gardens were already transforming into something more like an extension to the home with areas for dining, entertaining and cooking. With this multifunctionality comes the need to divide the garden into ‘areas’ hence the importance of paving.

When undertaking a paving project, before you begin marking out an area or pick up a single tool, there is something to consider before that – which material are you going to use?It’s important to work out for yourself, or for your client, exactly which paving is going to be the most suitable. Each material type has unique characteristics and style. Some are more hard-wearing, others have more colour variations and often the surface finish of one material can be different from another.

Are you considering paving a walkway to your front door, adding a patio in your backyard, or putting in a new driveway? If so, you might be wondering if you should use concrete vs pavers. In this article, we’re going to break down five things to consider regarding both options, and what we recommend for your project.

For pathways and walkways, plan for a width of at least three feet. For driveways, measure your vehicles and allow enough space with the doors open for people to move comfortably around the car. Interlocking pavers are manufactured pavers that are easier to install. Lay them side-by-side to create neat borders that separate your lawn and garden, stack them in a low wall to make a raised bed or make a patio, walkway or other outdoor living space. You do not need mortar to achieve a tight fit between interlocking pavers. Joints between pavers eliminate cracks that could occur in conventional concrete pavement.

Stone pavers are a popular addition to front lawn landscaping, driveway lining, and garden use. Paving stones can be used to enhance your home's personal and architectural style, and if you choose the right material, they will last a long time.But, what are the many kinds of natural stone pavers available? These smooth-surfaced stones are used for driveways, patios, walkways, and poolside decks. Here's the lowdown on the various varieties of paving stones if you're wanting to freshen up your driveway or yard.

Whether creating a new patio, walkway, or driveway for your property or updating an existing space, it can be challenging to choose between two popular building materials; paving stones or gravel.Paving stones and gravel are classic and rustically beautiful building materials that have been used for centuries worldwide.When it comes down to it, what are the pros and cons of paving stones vs. gravel? Which one is right for your project?It is essential to understand the nuances of each material to make an informed decision for your home or business’s new outdoor space.

Pavers are a great way to add personality to your Sacramento landscape. Trained Sacramento pavers can come to any property and completely transform it by adding all types of paver stones and concrete to your landscape, and give it an elegant and timeless look that will impress you every day.Capital Landscape is proud to be the leading Sacramento paving company, with over 30 years of experience providing high quality paving and top tier support to clients all over the Greater Sacramento area. We’re glad to be the #1 choice for homeowners looking to improve their landscape through the use of stone, concrete, and other long lasting options.

Your home is a sanctuary. Landscape elements such as paver patios and walkways can be beautiful accents to your sanctuary. Cleaning paving stones is the key to a beautiful patio. Remember, just like any surface exposed to the elements, your pavers do require some maintenance.Keeping your pavers clean is simple. As soon as winter is over, it’s time to get started. Here are a few easy steps you can take to maintain their beauty:

Installing pavers is like building a giant puzzle, but with an extra twist in the third dimension: those pavers have to be level! Whether you want to build a simple pathway or a large patio in the middle of your yard, the fundamentals of laying pavers are the same, and you can totally do it yourself! These are the basic steps you'll need for a successful project, and if you need any help beyond this, you can always reach out to Dammann's Garden Company for help!

So you’re on your way to laying a new path, but you don’t know where to begin. The wide range of styles and patterns means you have many options, but the overwhelming variety can leave beginners at a loss. We’ve broken down the mysteries, brick-by-brick, so you can easily plot the road to your ideal walkway or patio!

Installing various types of Natural Thin Stone Veneer is a challenging, but achievable project for most DIY’ers. One of the first questions we at The Surface Shop get asked when talking with potential customers is “How do I cut it?”. Stone is a new building product for most people, unlike more traditional mediums like wood, metal, concrete, and tile, so bridging that gap with easy to understand knowledge is something we know our customers appreciate.

If you seek the appealing, three-dimensional look of stacked stone, look no further than Norstone Rock Panels, a natural stone veneer cladding system which is ideal for exterior feature walls, pool surrounds, courtyards and entertainment areas. Equally well suited for interior use, these stacked stone panels are also perfect for natural stone fireplaces or the creation of water features, especially when illuminated to highlight the color variations. And as they come in modular form, this stacked stone tile product is quick and easy to install on most structurally sound surfaces. Transforming any space with a stone veneer feature wall is now as easy as setting tile.

Once you have selected your site, you need to choose your stones. Look for rocks with angular faces—they stack better and a give a firmer repose. Rounded rocks are almost impossible to build into a wall without using copious amounts of mortar. An ideal rock has six parallel faces (like a brick). Regretfully, there aren’t many ideal rocks available, so look for angular rocks with the most flat faces.

Originally described in 6 case reports from 19895, the crazy-paving pattern on chest CT scan was thought to be specific to alveolar macrophage dysfunction resulting in the pulmonary disease known as Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, or PAP. The exact causes for the radiographic findings that make up crazy paving turns out to be as diverse as the differential diagnosis. This finding is detected more commonly now with newer multidetector CT scans with better image resolution.

A retrospective review of the medical records of our radiological computed tomography database was performed, from 1 January 2008 until 31 December 2008, searching for patients reported to have a “crazy-paving” pattern on a CT of the chest. In total, 98 patients with a crazy-paving pattern were retained and reviewed. To rule out acute pulmonary embolism, most of the patients underwent interstitial pathological features or underwent their chest CT in an oncological setting. All these patients underwent a dedicated MDCT of the chest with 100 mAs, 120 kV, slice thickness of 1 and 3 or 5 mm, and table feed of 12 mm per rotation, with or without intravenous contrast administration, according to the indication of chest CT. Only seven patients with a crazy-paving pattern on chest CT also underwent an open lung biopsy to make the definitive diagnosis. In 59 patients, the definitive diagnosis was made on a clinical basis. In the remaining 32 patients, the cause of the crazy-paving pattern remained undecided, because patients were not followed further in our institution.

Far too often, it is undertaken as an allegedly simple alternative to more traditional paving, or because broken flags are free or cheaper than intact units, yet, from a contractor's point of view, it costs more in terms of labour to lay a given area of crazy paving than it does for 'normal' paving.One eejit who once worked for us but shall remain nameless, realising that crazy paving was damned hard work, came up with a novel way of creating the look of crazy paving with less of the hassle. He laid second-hand 'council' flags all over his back yard, making sure they were on a decent bed and falling in the right direction, and then proceeded to smash them, in situ, with the aid of a sledgehammer. Naturally, he didn't last very long in our employ!Well-laid Crazy Paving minimises the amount of mortar or jointing visible at the finished surface. The mortar is the structural weak point of the pavement, so, the less of it there is, the better the finished work's chances of survival beyond the first winter.

Chest radiograph is shown in Figure 1 and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax is shown in Figure 2. Sputum stains and cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, fungi and other aerobic organisms were negative. Fiber-optic bronchoscopy did not visualize any gross abnormality. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was milky in appearance but stains and cultures were negative for aerobic organisms including M. tuberculosis and pathogenic fungi. The BAL fluid was sent for a special investigation.Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) supplemental therapy has a role in the management of idiopathic PAP.[9] GM-CSF therapy can be given either by inhaled or subcutaneous route and it can be considered supplemental to WLL with response rates of 50%[9]Newer modalities of treatment include administration of Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen of B-lymphocytes. It helps in decreasing the concentration of anti-GM-CSF antibodies through the depletion of B-cells.[4] Rituximab is useful in patients not responsive to WLL or GM-CSF therapy. Plasmapheresis is a novel technique which involves removal of the anti-GM CSF antibodies. It leads to improvement in symptoms, oxygen saturation and radiological appearance. Lung transplantation has been attempted in patients with congenital PAP.

The recent global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought many radiographic findings in other respiratory disease processes. One of these radiological findings is crazy paving. This paper discusses crazy paving in a 75-year-old female with dyspnea, nonproductive cough, pleuritic chest pain, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive test for COVID-19 infection. Chest CT showed ground-glass opacities and interlobular septal thickening consistent with a crazy-paving appearance. As part of the common CT findings of patients with active COVID-19 infection, crazy paving should prompt the interpreting radiologist to consider COVID-19 pneumonia as part of the differential.

Of 236 confirmed COVID-19 cases, 62 were infected with moderate to severe COVID-19 and required hospital admission, and 174 were followed-up on an outpatient basis. A significant difference was found in the mean age of the outpatient and hospitalized groups. The incidence of bilateral lung involvement, consolidations, linear opacities, crazy-paving pattern, air bronchogram, and number of lobes involved were significantly higher in the hospitalized group compared to the outpatient group. However, the crazy-paving pattern was only significantly associated with an oxygen saturation (SpO2) level < 90% and, coughing. Our findings indicated that the crazy-paving pattern was significantly associated with the inflammatory phase. The presence of this pattern on admission, SpO2 < 90%, older age, and diabetes were independent risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19.