10 najboljih vrsta kamena koji se koristi u graditeljstvu

Od piramida do Partenona, ljudi su gradili kamenjem tisućama godina. Među najčešće korištenim i poznatim prirodnim kamenjem koji se koristi za gradnju su bazalt, vapnenac, travertin i škriljevac. Svaki arhitekt, izvođač radova ili zidar će vam to reći prirodni kamen je iznimno izdržljiv, pruža izvrstan povrat ulaganja.

Nepravilno kamenje

The technical characteristics of different stone such as porosity, compression strength, heat endurance thresholds, and frost resistance, will affect a stone’s application. Stones like basalt, granite, and sandstone fare well for massive construction projects like dams and bridges, whereas travertine, quartzite, and marble work better for interior construction and decoration.

In this blog, we’ll explore different stone types and uses to give you a broad overview of their unique qualities and applications.

Kako se kamen razlikuje od stijene?

While stone and rock are used interchangeably, they are different regarding internal structure and composition. Rocks form part of the earth’s crust and are found virtually everywhere, whereas stones are hard substances like limestone or sandstone extracted from rock, for example.

Glavna razlika je u tome što je stijena veća i razbijena kako bi se dohvatili mineralni elementi, dok se kamen može zacementirati kako bi se formirale komponente korisne za gradnju. Bez stijena ne bi bilo ni kamenja.

Whether igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, rocks used for building materials contain different types of stone that can construct some of the most magnificent architectural feats. There are three main types of rock. Let’s examine them more closely.

Magmatska stijena

Named after the Latin word for fire, Igneous rocks form when hot, molten magma solidifies below the earth’s surface. This type of rock is divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the molten rock solidifies. Intrusive igneous rock crystallizes below the earth’s surface, and extrusive rocks erupt onto the surface.

Magmatske stijene za gradnju uključuju ove vrste kamena:

• Granit
• Opsidijan
• Gabro
• dijabaz

Metamorfna stijena

Metamorphic rock starts as one type of rock but due to pressure, heat, and time, gradually transforms into a new rock type. Although it forms deep within the earth’s crust, it's often exposed on our planet’s surface after geological uplift and the erosion of rock and soil above it. These crystalline rocks tend to have a foliated texture.

Metamorfna stijena za gradnju uključuje ove vrste kamena:

• Škriljevac 
• Mramor 
• Gnajs
• Kvarcit 

Sedimentna stijena

This rock is always formed in layers called “strata” and often contains fossils. Pieces of rock are loosened by weather, then transported to a basin or depression where the sediment is trapped, and lithification (compaction) takes place. The sediment is deposited in flat, horizontal layers, with the oldest layers on the bottom and younger layers on top. 

Koje je najčešće građevinsko kamenje?

Ispod je deset najčešćih vrsta kamena koje se koriste stoljećima i nastavljaju činiti dio i koristiti se u današnjem modernom svijetu.  

Granit

This coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock is composed chiefly of quartz, feldspar, and plagioclase. Granite gets its signature color speckles from crystallization — the longer the molten rock has to cool, the larger the grains of color. 

Available in white, pink, yellow, gray, and black, this building stone is lauded for its durability.  As the earth’s most durable and common igneous rock, granit izvrstan je izbor za radne površine, spomenike, pločnike, mostove, stupove i podove. 

pješčenjaka

pješčenjaka je klasična sedimentna stijena napravljena od silikatnih zrnaca kvarca i glinenca veličine pijeska. Čvrst i otporan na vremenske uvjete, ovaj građevinski materijal kamen često se koristi za oblaganje fasada i unutarnjih zidova, kao i za vrtne klupe, materijal za popločavanje, stolove za terase i rubove bazena. 

Ovaj kamen može biti bilo koje boje poput pijeska, ali najčešće boje su žuta, smeđa, siva, bijela, crvena i žuta. Ako ima visok sadržaj kvarca, pješčenjak se može čak i drobiti i koristiti kao izvor silicija za proizvodnju stakla. 

Vapnenac

Sastavljena od kalcita i magnezija, ova mekana sedimentna stijena obično je siva, ali može biti i bijela, žuta ili smeđa. Iz geološke perspektive, vapnenac se formira ili u dubokoj morskoj vodi ili zbog isparavanja vode tijekom formiranja špilja. 

Jedinstvena značajka ove stijene je da je njen primarni sastojak, kalcit, nastao uglavnom fosilizacijom živih organizama koji proizvode školjke i grade koralje. Vapnenac kao građevinski materijal koristi se u arhitektonskim primjenama za zidove, ukrasne obloge i furnir. 

Bazalt

Dark and heavy, this extrusive, igneous rock makes up most of the planet’s oceanic crust. Basalt is black, but after extensive weathering, may turn green or brown. Additionally, it contains some light-colored minerals like feldspar and quartz, but these are difficult to see with the naked eye. 

Bogat željezom i magnezijem, bazalt se koristi u građevinarstvu za izradu građevinskih blokova, kaldrme, podnih pločica, kamena za ceste, balasta za željezničke tračnice i kipova. 90% svih vulkanskih stijena je bazalt. 

Mramor

Omiljen kroz stoljeća zbog svog luksuza i raskoši, mramor je prekrasna metamorfna stijena koja nastaje kada se vapnenac podvrgne visokom pritisku ili toplini. Obično sadrži druge minerale poput kvarca, grafita, pirita i željeznih oksida koji mu daju niz nijansi od ružičaste do smeđe, sive, zelene, crne ili šarene boje. 

Zbog svog jedinstvenog prožimanja i elegantnog izgleda, mramor je najbolji kamen za izgradnju spomenika, unutarnjeg uređenja, ploča stolova, skulptura i novotarija. Najprestižniji bijeli mramor vadi se u Carrari u Italiji. 

Škriljevac

Škriljevac je sitnozrnata, lisnata, homogena sedimentna stijena dobivena od stijene škriljevca sastavljene od gline ili vulkanskog pepela. Izvorni glineni minerali u škriljevcu mijenjaju se u liskun kada su izloženi rastućim razinama topline i tlaka. 

Gray in color, slate contains quartz, feldspar, calcite, pyrite, and hematite, among other minerals. It’s a desirable building stone that’s been utilized in construction since ancient Egyptian times. Today, it’s used as roofing, flagging, decorative aggregates, and flooring because of its attractiveness and durability. 

Plavac

Pumice is a porous igneous rock produced during volcanic eruptions. It forms so rapidly that its atoms don’t have time to crystallize, essentially rendering it a solidified foam. While it occurs in various colors like white, gray, blue, cream, green, and brown, it is almost always pale. 

Iako sitnozrnata, površina ovog kamena je hrapava. Plovac u prahu koristi se kao agregat u laganom betonu za izolaciju, kao kamen za poliranje i u raznim industrijskim i potrošačkim proizvodima, kao i kamen za poliranje. 

Kvarcit

Kada se pješčenjak bogat kvarcom promijeni toplinom, pritiskom i kemijskom aktivnošću metamorfizma, pretvara se u kvarcit. Tijekom procesa, zrnca pijeska i silikatnog cementa povezuju se zajedno, što rezultira ogromnom mrežom isprepletenih kvarcnih zrnaca. 

Kvarcit je obično bijele ili svijetle boje, ali dodatni materijali koje nosi podzemna voda mogu dati nijanse zelene, plave ili željeznocrvene. To je jedan od najboljih kamena za izradu radnih ploča, podova, krovnih ploča i stepenica zbog svog izgleda poput mramora i izdržljivosti poput granita.

travertin

travertin je vrsta kopnenog vapnenca formiranog mineralnim naslagama u blizini prirodnih izvora. Ova sedimentna stijena ima vlaknasti ili koncentrični izgled i dolazi u nijansama bijele, žutosmeđe, krem ​​i hrđe. Njegova jedinstvena tekstura i privlačni zemljani tonovi čine ga popularnim za primjenu u građevinarstvu. 

This versatile stone variety is commonly used for indoor and outdoor flooring, spa walls, ceilings, facades, and wall cladding. It’s an affordable option compared to other natural stones like marble, yet still maintains a luxurious appeal. 

Alabaster

Srednje tvrdi gips, alabaster je obično bijel i proziran s finim ujednačenim zrnom.

Its small natural grain is visible when held up to the light. Because it’s a porous mineral, this stone can be dyed in a variety of colors. 

It has been used for centuries to make statues, carvings, and other decorative and ornamental work. While the splendor of alabaster is undeniable, it is a soft metamorphic rock that’s only really suitable for indoor applications.

Zaključak

The many natural stone products on the market and their unique characteristics can make it challenging for contractors and homeowners to select the correct ones for their projects. If you’re new to the process, the first thing to consider is the location of the stone installation. For instance, the type of stones for floor applications will differ if it’s indoors or outdoors. 

Then you’ll need to evaluate the stone’s durability, the fabricator’s warranty, and its grade. There are three grades of natural stone: commercial, standard, and first choice. Standard grade is a good fit for interior applications, like countertops, whereas commercial-grade, may be better for apartment or hotel projects where only a portion of slab is required, and large imperfections can be avoided. 

There’s a lot to consider, right? As well-seasoned experts in the stone business, our team at Stone Center can help you with stone selection for residential and commercial stone projects, regardless of their scale. Why not start by taking a look at our extensive catalog of premium građevinski kamen?