10 najboljših vrst kamna, ki se uporablja v gradbeništvu

Od piramid do Partenona so ljudje tisoče let gradili s kamni. Med najbolj uporabljenimi in dobro znanimi naravnimi kamni, ki se uporabljajo za gradnjo, so bazalt, apnenec, travertin in skrilavec. To vam bo povedal vsak arhitekt, izvajalec ali zidar naravni kamen je izjemno vzdržljiv, kar zagotavlja odlično donosnost naložbe.

Nepravilni kamni

The technical characteristics of different stone such as porosity, compression strength, heat endurance thresholds, and frost resistance, will affect a stone’s application. Stones like basalt, granite, and sandstone fare well for massive construction projects like dams and bridges, whereas travertine, quartzite, and marble work better for interior construction and decoration.

In this blog, we’ll explore different stone types and uses to give you a broad overview of their unique qualities and applications.

Kako se kamen razlikuje od kamna?

While stone and rock are used interchangeably, they are different regarding internal structure and composition. Rocks form part of the earth’s crust and are found virtually everywhere, whereas stones are hard substances like limestone or sandstone extracted from rock, for example.

Glavna razlika je v tem, da je kamnina večja in razčlenjena, da pridobi mineralne elemente, medtem ko je kamen mogoče cementirati skupaj, da tvorijo komponente, uporabne za gradnjo. Brez skale ne bi bilo kamnov.

Whether igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, rocks used for building materials contain different types of stone that can construct some of the most magnificent architectural feats. There are three main types of rock. Let’s examine them more closely.

Magmatska kamnina

Named after the Latin word for fire, Igneous rocks form when hot, molten magma solidifies below the earth’s surface. This type of rock is divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the molten rock solidifies. Intrusive igneous rock crystallizes below the earth’s surface, and extrusive rocks erupt onto the surface.

Magmatska kamnina za gradnjo vključuje naslednje vrste kamna:

• granit
• Obsidian
• Gabro
• Diabaz

Metamorfna kamnina

Metamorphic rock starts as one type of rock but due to pressure, heat, and time, gradually transforms into a new rock type. Although it forms deep within the earth’s crust, it's often exposed on our planet’s surface after geological uplift and the erosion of rock and soil above it. These crystalline rocks tend to have a foliated texture.

Metamorfne kamnine za gradnjo vključujejo te vrste kamnov:

• Skrilavec 
• Marmor 
• Gnajs
• Kvarcit 

Sedimentna kamnina

This rock is always formed in layers called “strata” and often contains fossils. Pieces of rock are loosened by weather, then transported to a basin or depression where the sediment is trapped, and lithification (compaction) takes place. The sediment is deposited in flat, horizontal layers, with the oldest layers on the bottom and younger layers on top. 

Kateri so najpogostejši gradbeni kamni?

Spodaj je deset najpogostejših vrst kamna, ki so se uporabljali že stoletja in so še vedno del in se uporabljajo v današnjem sodobnem svetu.  

granit

This coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock is composed chiefly of quartz, feldspar, and plagioclase. Granite gets its signature color speckles from crystallization — the longer the molten rock has to cool, the larger the grains of color. 

Available in white, pink, yellow, gray, and black, this building stone is lauded for its durability.  As the earth’s most durable and common igneous rock, granit je odlična izbira za pulte, spomenike, pločnike, mostove, stebre in tla. 

Peščenjak

Peščenjak je klasična sedimentna kamnina iz silikatnih zrn kremena in glinenca v velikosti peska. Trden in odporen na vremenske vplive se ta gradbeni material pogosto uporablja za oblaganje fasad in notranjih sten, pa tudi za vrtne klopi, material za tlakovanje, terasne mize in robove bazenov. 

Ta kamen je lahko katere koli barve kot pesek, vendar so najpogostejše barve rjave, rjave, sive, bele, rdeče in rumene. Če ima peščenjak visoko vsebnost kremena, ga lahko celo zdrobimo in uporabimo kot vir kremena za proizvodnjo stekla. 

Apnenec

Ta mehka sedimentna kamnina, sestavljena iz kalcita in magnezija, je običajno siva, lahko pa tudi bela, rumena ali rjava. Z geološkega vidika apnenec nastane bodisi v globoki morski vodi bodisi zaradi izhlapevanja vode med nastajanjem jam. 

Edinstvena značilnost te kamnine je, da njena primarna sestavina, kalcit, nastane predvsem s fosilizacijo živih organizmov, ki proizvajajo školjke in gradijo korale. Apnenec kot gradbeni material se uporablja v arhitekturnih aplikacijah za stene, okrasne obloge in furnir. 

Bazalt

Dark and heavy, this extrusive, igneous rock makes up most of the planet’s oceanic crust. Basalt is black, but after extensive weathering, may turn green or brown. Additionally, it contains some light-colored minerals like feldspar and quartz, but these are difficult to see with the naked eye. 

Bazalt, ki je bogat z železom in magnezijem, se uporablja v gradbeništvu za izdelavo gradnikov, tlakovcev, talnih ploščic, cestnega kamna, balastov za tirnice in kipov. 90 % vseh vulkanskih kamnin je bazalt. 

Marmor

Marmor, ki je bil zaradi svojega razkošja in razkošja priljubljen skozi stoletja, je čudovita metamorfna kamnina, ki nastane, ko je apnenec izpostavljen visokemu tlaku ali vročini. Običajno vsebuje druge minerale, kot so kremen, grafit, pirit in železovi oksidi, ki mu dajejo vrsto odtenkov od rožnate do rjave, sive, zelene, črne ali pestre barve. 

Zaradi svoje edinstvene žile in elegantnega videza je marmor najboljši kamen za gradnjo spomenikov, notranjo dekoracijo, mizne plošče, skulpture in novosti. Najprestižnejši beli marmor pridobivajo v Carrari v Italiji. 

Skrilavec

Skrilavec je drobnozrnata, listnata, homogena sedimentna kamnina, pridobljena iz skrilavca, sestavljenega iz gline ali vulkanskega pepela. Prvotni minerali gline v skrilavcu se spremenijo v sljudo, ko so izpostavljeni naraščajočim stopnjam toplote in tlaka. 

Gray in color, slate contains quartz, feldspar, calcite, pyrite, and hematite, among other minerals. It’s a desirable building stone that’s been utilized in construction since ancient Egyptian times. Today, it’s used as roofing, flagging, decorative aggregates, and flooring because of its attractiveness and durability. 

Plovec

Pumice is a porous igneous rock produced during volcanic eruptions. It forms so rapidly that its atoms don’t have time to crystallize, essentially rendering it a solidified foam. While it occurs in various colors like white, gray, blue, cream, green, and brown, it is almost always pale. 

Čeprav je površina tega kamna drobnozrnata, je hrapava. Plovec v prahu se uporablja kot agregat v lahkem betonu za izolacijo, kot polirni kamen in v različnih industrijskih in potrošniških izdelkih, pa tudi kot polirni kamen. 

Kvarcit

Ko s kremenom bogat peščenjak spremenijo toplota, pritisk in kemična aktivnost metamorfizma, se spremeni v kvarcit. Med postopkom se zrna peska in kremenčev cement povežejo skupaj, kar ima za posledico mogočno mrežo prepletenih zrn kremena. 

Kvarcit je običajno bel ali svetle barve, vendar lahko dodatni materiali, ki jih prenaša podzemna voda, dajejo zelene, modre ali železno rdeče odtenke. Je eden najboljših kamnov za izdelavo pultov, talnih oblog, strešnikov in stopnišč zaradi svojega videza, podobnega marmorju, in trpežnosti, podobne granitu.

Travertin

Travertin je vrsta kopenskega apnenca, ki ga tvorijo nahajališča mineralov v bližini naravnih izvirov. Ta sedimentna kamnina je vlaknastega ali koncentričnega videza in je na voljo v odtenkih bele, rjave, smetane in rje. Zaradi svoje edinstvene teksture in privlačnih zemeljskih odtenkov je priljubljen pri gradbeništvu. 

This versatile stone variety is commonly used for indoor and outdoor flooring, spa walls, ceilings, facades, and wall cladding. It’s an affordable option compared to other natural stones like marble, yet still maintains a luxurious appeal. 

Alabaster

Srednje trda sadra, alabaster, je običajno bela in prosojna s fino enakomerno zrnatostjo.

Its small natural grain is visible when held up to the light. Because it’s a porous mineral, this stone can be dyed in a variety of colors. 

It has been used for centuries to make statues, carvings, and other decorative and ornamental work. While the splendor of alabaster is undeniable, it is a soft metamorphic rock that’s only really suitable for indoor applications.

Zaključek

The many natural stone products on the market and their unique characteristics can make it challenging for contractors and homeowners to select the correct ones for their projects. If you’re new to the process, the first thing to consider is the location of the stone installation. For instance, the type of stones for floor applications will differ if it’s indoors or outdoors. 

Then you’ll need to evaluate the stone’s durability, the fabricator’s warranty, and its grade. There are three grades of natural stone: commercial, standard, and first choice. Standard grade is a good fit for interior applications, like countertops, whereas commercial-grade, may be better for apartment or hotel projects where only a portion of slab is required, and large imperfections can be avoided. 

There’s a lot to consider, right? As well-seasoned experts in the stone business, our team at Stone Center can help you with stone selection for residential and commercial stone projects, regardless of their scale. Why not start by taking a look at our extensive catalog of premium gradbeni kamen?