建筑景观石中使用的十大石材类型

从金字塔到帕台农神庙，人类用石头建造建筑已有数千年历史。用于建筑的最常用和最知名的天然石材包括玄武岩、石灰石、石灰华和板岩。任何建筑师、承包商或石工都会告诉你 天然石材 非常耐用，可提供极好的投资回报。

不规则的石头

The technical characteristics of different stone such as porosity, compression strength, heat endurance thresholds, and frost resistance, will affect a stone’s application. Stones like basalt, granite, and sandstone fare well for massive construction projects like dams and bridges, whereas travertine, quartzite, and marble work better for interior construction and decoration.

In this blog, we’ll explore different stone types and uses to give you a broad overview of their unique qualities and applications.

石头与岩石有何不同？

While stone and rock are used interchangeably, they are different regarding internal structure and composition. Rocks form part of the earth’s crust and are found virtually everywhere, whereas stones are hard substances like limestone or sandstone extracted from rock, for example.

两者的主要区别在于，岩石体积较大，容易破碎，从而提取矿物元素，而石头可以粘合在一起，形成建筑材料。没有岩石，就没有石头。

Whether igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, rocks used for building materials contain different types of stone that can construct some of the most magnificent architectural feats. There are three main types of rock. Let’s examine them more closely.

火成岩

Named after the Latin word for fire, Igneous rocks form when hot, molten magma solidifies below the earth’s surface. This type of rock is divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the molten rock solidifies. Intrusive igneous rock crystallizes below the earth’s surface, and extrusive rocks erupt onto the surface.

建筑用火成岩包括以下类型的石材：

• 花岗岩
• 黑曜石
• 辉长岩
• 辉绿岩

变质岩

Metamorphic rock starts as one type of rock but due to pressure, heat, and time, gradually transforms into a new rock type. Although it forms deep within the earth’s crust, it's often exposed on our planet’s surface after geological uplift and the erosion of rock and soil above it. These crystalline rocks tend to have a foliated texture.

建筑用变质岩包括以下石材类型：

• 石板 
• 大理石 
• 片麻岩
• 石英岩 

沉积岩

This rock is always formed in layers called “strata” and often contains fossils. Pieces of rock are loosened by weather, then transported to a basin or depression where the sediment is trapped, and lithification (compaction) takes place. The sediment is deposited in flat, horizontal layers, with the oldest layers on the bottom and younger layers on top. 

最常见的建筑石材有哪些？

以下是十种最常见的石头，它们已经使用了几个世纪，并且继续成为我们当今现代世界的一部分并在其中使用。  

花岗岩

This coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock is composed chiefly of quartz, feldspar, and plagioclase. Granite gets its signature color speckles from crystallization — the longer the molten rock has to cool, the larger the grains of color. 

Available in white, pink, yellow, gray, and black, this building stone is lauded for its durability.  As the earth’s most durable and common igneous rock, 花岗岩 是台面、纪念碑、人行道、桥梁、柱子和地板的绝佳选择。 

砂岩

砂岩 是一种典型的沉积岩，由沙粒大小的石英和长石硅酸盐颗粒构成。这种建筑材料石材坚固且耐候性好，通常用于覆盖外墙和内墙，以及花园长椅、铺路材料、露台桌和游泳池边缘。 

这种石头的颜色可以是任何颜色，比如沙子，但最常见的颜色是棕褐色、棕色、灰色、白色、红色和黄色。如果石英含量高，砂岩甚至可以被粉碎，用作玻璃制造的二氧化硅来源。 

石灰石

这种柔软的沉积岩由方解石和镁组成，通常呈灰色，但也可能是白色、黄色或棕色。 从地质学角度来看，石灰岩是在深海水中形成的，或者是由于洞穴形成过程中的水蒸发而形成的。 

这种岩石的独特之处在于，它的主要成分方解石主要是由产壳和造珊瑚的生物的化石形成的。 石灰石作为建筑材料 用于建筑应用的墙壁、装饰边和饰面。 

玄武岩

Dark and heavy, this extrusive, igneous rock makes up most of the planet’s oceanic crust. Basalt is black, but after extensive weathering, may turn green or brown. Additionally, it contains some light-colored minerals like feldspar and quartz, but these are difficult to see with the naked eye. 

玄武岩富含铁和镁，用于建筑制作建筑砌块、鹅卵石、地板砖、道路石材、铁轨道碴和雕像。90% 的火山岩都是玄武岩。 

大理石

大理石因其奢华和富丽堂皇而深受人们的喜爱，它是一种美丽的变质岩，由石灰石经受高压或高温而形成。它通常含有石英、石墨、黄铁矿和氧化铁等其他矿物质，使其呈现出从粉红色到棕色、灰色、绿色、黑色或杂色等一系列色调。 

大理石具有独特的纹理和优雅的外观，是建造纪念碑、室内装饰、桌面、雕塑和新奇物品的最佳石材。最负盛名的白色大理石产自意大利卡拉拉。 

石板

板岩是一种细粒、片状、均质的沉积岩，由粘土或火山灰组成的页岩形成。页岩中原有的粘土矿物在暴露于不断增加的热量和压力下会变成云母。 

Gray in color, slate contains quartz, feldspar, calcite, pyrite, and hematite, among other minerals. It’s a desirable building stone that’s been utilized in construction since ancient Egyptian times. Today, it’s used as roofing, flagging, decorative aggregates, and flooring because of its attractiveness and durability. 

浮石

Pumice is a porous igneous rock produced during volcanic eruptions. It forms so rapidly that its atoms don’t have time to crystallize, essentially rendering it a solidified foam. While it occurs in various colors like white, gray, blue, cream, green, and brown, it is almost always pale. 

虽然颗粒细腻，但这种石头的表面很粗糙。粉状浮石可用作隔热轻质混凝土的骨料、抛光石，以及各种工业和消费品，以及抛光石。 

石英岩

当富含石英的砂岩受到热量、压力和变质化学作用的影响时，它会变成石英岩。在此过程中，砂粒和硅酸盐胶结在一起，形成了一个强大的互锁石英颗粒网络。 

石英岩通常呈白色或浅色，但地下水携带的其他物质可使其呈现绿色、蓝色或铁红色。由于其外观类似大理石，且具有花岗岩般的耐用性，它是制作台面、地板、屋顶瓦片和楼梯台阶的最佳石材之一。

石灰华

石灰华 是一种由天然泉水附近的矿床形成的陆地石灰岩。这种沉积岩具有纤维状或同心状外观，颜色有白色、棕褐色、奶油色和铁锈色。其独特的质地和迷人的泥土色调使其在建筑应用中广受欢迎。 

This versatile stone variety is commonly used for indoor and outdoor flooring, spa walls, ceilings, facades, and wall cladding. It’s an affordable option compared to other natural stones like marble, yet still maintains a luxurious appeal. 

雪花石膏

雪花石膏是一种中等硬度的石膏，通常呈白色、半透明状，具有细腻均匀的纹理。

Its small natural grain is visible when held up to the light. Because it’s a porous mineral, this stone can be dyed in a variety of colors. 

It has been used for centuries to make statues, carvings, and other decorative and ornamental work. While the splendor of alabaster is undeniable, it is a soft metamorphic rock that’s only really suitable for indoor applications.

结论

The many natural stone products on the market and their unique characteristics can make it challenging for contractors and homeowners to select the correct ones for their projects. If you’re new to the process, the first thing to consider is the location of the stone installation. For instance, the type of stones for floor applications will differ if it’s indoors or outdoors. 

Then you’ll need to evaluate the stone’s durability, the fabricator’s warranty, and its grade. There are three grades of natural stone: commercial, standard, and first choice. Standard grade is a good fit for interior applications, like countertops, whereas commercial-grade, may be better for apartment or hotel projects where only a portion of slab is required, and large imperfections can be avoided. 

There’s a lot to consider, right? As well-seasoned experts in the stone business, our team at Stone Center can help you with stone selection for residential and commercial stone projects, regardless of their scale. Why not start by taking a look at our extensive catalog of premium 建筑石材？